Chattanooga Ice Cream

New Direction for Chattanooga Ice Cream Clint A. Stockton Jack Welch Management Institute Dr. Denis Tocci JWMI 510 11/16/2013 Chattanooga Ice Cream Case The Chattanooga Ice Cream case shows a decrease in deals for 5 continuous years. The Division is going by Charles Moore. In spite of the fact that Charles Moore was fruitful in driving groups he appeared to have significant issues with this group of VPs. As indicated by the Harvard Business Review Chattanooga Ice Cream Case the group was broken; they showed an absence of trust, high in strife, rude of each ther and displayed evasion issues with accountability.Team individuals appeared to consistently lay fault to other part. Moore should be increasingly decisive in excusing the methods of the past and the loss of Stay and Shop business should be set aside. Moore needs to provide clear guidance and relegate obligations to each colleague. Moore needs to pass in that group cohesiveness is an unquestionable requirement and this will go f ar to help guarantee no further loss of business.This paper will analyze how Moore's initiative methodology added to the groups' brokenness, examine what the roup of representatives themselves could never really comprehend the points of view of one another and their manager just as make proposals about Moore ought to do now to assist his with joining cooperate and oversee clashes all the more adequately. Charlie's Leadership Style In surveying where Charlie Moore turns out badly, it's essential to take a gander at his authority style. As per the Disk style, Charlie is a â€Å"Steady (S) Leader. In particular, this implies Charlie works at a precise pace and likes driving in a systematic domain. He may promptly see driving in a â€Å"fast-paced† condition as scary or unpleasant. His authority style is synergistic in nature and he esteems collective endeavors. Charlie is a mindful pioneer that only here and there leads by power as he is happy with working behind the accord of the gathering as he doesn't care for settling on choices alone. He is demotivated by serious conditions and altering course unexpectedly. He appreciates driving in a consonant situation with almost no showdowns or conflict.Leaders set up the associations for change; Charlie doesn't manufacture trust nor adjust his kin. Absence of Leadership As a pioneer Charlie needs to â€Å"prepare associations for change and help them ope as they battle through it† (Week 2, Lecture 2). The principal proof of Charlie's disappointment as a pioneer is the point at which he assembles the gathering to convey the report about losing their significant client. The state of mind is dismal as Charlie assembles the gathering to â€Å"mourn† (Sloane, The Chattanooga Ice Cream Division, HBR, p. l) and to fgure out what should be done about it.As a pioneer he should ooze a feeling of â€Å"positive vitality' Cack Welch, Winning, p. 84) to set up his kin to act and empower their best intuition to manage this test. His style of (S) dislike change, yet e needs to establish a pace of confidence and conclusiveness that says that they will get through this test effectively. As a matter of first importance, Moore should ace self-administration for himself. At that point support and model it for others in the group. Manz demonstrates that â€Å"Leaders encourage representative self-set objectives and prize successful self-authority when it does occur.Overall, they make and support frameworks that permit cooperation and an all encompassing self-administration culture to flourish† (Charles Manz, 2001 , Leading Others to Lead Themselves, p. 221). I accept that Charlie and Charlie's group would profit by acquiring about their own initiative style by taking the Disk and TKI evaluations and conceivably making littler deliberately combined groups inside the gathering to think of an establishment and vision for the heading in which the organization ought to go as a whole.Lack of Ca ndor Another case of where Charlie turns out badly is that he doesn't build up a domain of trust where his kin don't keep down †despite the fact that he dislike struggle. For instance of this, Charlie has a few gatherings to ask his group what their musings are about how to contend. â€Å"When you are an individual giver, ou attempt to have all the appropriate responses. That is your Job-to be a specialist, the best at what you do, possibly the most intelligent individual in the room. At the point when you are a pioneer, your Job is to have all the questions†¦Questioning, be that as it may, is rarely enough, adhering to Rule 6: Leaders test with interest that verges on distrust, ensuring your inquiries release discussion and raise gives that get action† (Welch, 2005, p. 74). Moore should initially make a deliberate correspondence technique. His supervisory crew must comprehend and bolster a typical vision with a typical reason. This requires lucidity. Lucidity start s with viable correspondence. He should ensure correspondence from his supervisory crew arrives at all employees.The article by Ferrazzi (Harvard Business Review) shows three explicit strategies, created from the writer's exploration, which can assist collaborators with teaming up and cooperate all the more adequately. The strategies, which depend on making believe that permits colleagues to talk genuinely, are â€Å"dividing gatherings into littler gatherings, naming an authenticity supporter, and instructing how to give and get input with a positive attitude† (Ferrazzi, 2012, Candor, Criticism, and Teamwork, p. 0). Group Dysfunctions The Chattanooga Ice Cream group is broken for a few reasons.Some of those reasons incorporate a nonappearance of trust, evasion, and not being responsible. Additionally, there is an absence of duty among certain chiefs. Moore is likewise searching for purchase in from all individuals for collective choices. There was no obvious standard with re spect to how choices would have been made. Basically, Charles Moore neglected to fuse clear working guidelines. Week Four 4 Lecture †Building High Performance Teams proposes that â€Å"when supervisors concur on standard procedures ahead of time, the group is uch bound to run efficiently,† this is particularly obvious with the Chattanooga Ice Cream team.According to Rick Johnson, Charlie could â€Å"Challenge is supervisory group; request arrangements, appointing both obligation and strengthening as needs be to use singular aptitudes. Responsibility for and activities fabricates duty. Including the group in making course and arrangements through strengthening produces promise to the assignments important to meet goals. An approach to get over the significant loss of a customer and dominate the â€Å"mourning† impact would be to hallenge the supervisory crew to aggregately get another customer or a couple of customers that could rise to the takeoff of the one misf ortune, regarding volume.Also, Moore ought to make offsite group building exercises on a quarterly premise. The get-togethers/excursions ought to be utilized to fabricate unification and trust in one another. New Direction for Charles appears to need to be Just another individual from the group, an individual benefactor, needing to give his part as opposed to asking the express outcome driven inquiries expected of him in his position of authority. Welch, proceeds to state, â€Å"But that is he Job. You need greater arrangements pose inquiries; solid discussion, choices, and activities will get everybody there† (p. 76).There is no place to go, if there is nobody to lead. The dysfunctions of the group lie with the dysfunctions of the pioneer and no bearings. Despite settling on an inappropriate or right choice, with respect to the CICC case, on the off chance that no move is made, at that point the organization will bomb without a doubt. As a Business Development Executive, I w ould will in general push the group to research and target different customers to fill the void left by the customer lost, disposing of the dismalness, making otivation to achieve another objective, and fortify the group by centering endeavors into one vision.He should run his group through evaluations that could help him deliberately pair singular shortcomings and qualities together, not exclusively to supplement each other going ahead yet to assemble validity as a pioneer and begin to fabricate an establishment for authenticity, voice, and poise going ahead. Increasing new customers would in all probability cost extra assets in the examination and showcasing and may cause little speculation development in advance; anyway balancing out the vision with a choice is aking the right exertion to spare this organization under the current conditions.

My Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teachers Es

My Philosophy of Teaching Educating is simply the most fulfilling and satisfying vocation that I could envision myself doing. The fulfillment that is gotten when viewing a child’s eyes light up when they have fathomed and comprehended the points that I have been educating is an inclination of incredible accomplishment. Instructing youngsters to become gainful grown-ups helps the establishment of our general public. Today’s youngsters are tomorrow’s grown-ups. I need to help society the most ideal way that I know how. I need to be an educator. My deep rooted dream has consistently been to become an instructor, yet additionally a coach. Training as an occupation is certainly not a high paid position, however the measure of self-delight that could be gotten is the best prize that I could accomplish. I have consistently been acceptable with youngsters and have been included through different exercises and sports. As a mentor, I have trained youth competitors on different approaches to act in the game that the competitor is partaking in. In a genuine circumstance, when I see the competitor perform what I have instructed, I feel a feeling of pride and achievement. On the off chance that I can get a handle on that great about aiding in extra-curricular exercises, I can possibly envision how I would feel when training the center subjects in ordinary school life. Essentialism might be the way of thinking of training that I intend to rehearse, on the grounds that I do have confidence in the straightforward methodology of instructing. Fundamentals in the scholarly procedure alongside the advancement of the students’ character is critical for these understudies when confronted with this present reality. It is critical that understudies gain proficiency with the essential subjects. I do feel certain subjects should be tended to every single day to enable the understudies to accomplish the fundamental aptitudes they will re... ... a decent teacher. This will open up my brain to significantly more information, which I can move to my understudies and my homeroom All in all, I might want to express that in my study hall, I would be the person who encourages the center subjects. I will likewise be the person who helps the understudies alongside mechanical abilities that will help them in their future. I will help out the understudies from the terrible home become fearless, secure, and agreeable in the study hall condition. As an instructor, I won't be carefully the essentialist, perennialist, or even the behaviorist. I will consolidate all parts of these methods of reasoning of educating into my homeroom. I will likewise be an educator that is sympathetic, mindful, comprehension, and ready to go the additional mile for my understudies. I will be an instructor who is versatile to my students’ condition and the circumstance in the homeroom.

Attribution Theory Definition

Attribution Theory Definition Attribution hypothesis is worried about how individuals decipher occasions and relate them to their reasoning and conduct. It's a psychological recognition which influences their inspiration. This hypothesis was first proposed in a book called, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations by Fritz Heider in 1958. As indicated by Heider, men carry on as beginner researchers in social circumstances. He likewise said that, we by and large clarify conduct in two different ways; it is possible that we credit the conduct to an individual or a circumstance. Attribution actually implies an award of obligation. But, the hypothesis was first proposed by Heider (1958), later Edward E.Jones (1972) and Harold Kelley (1967) built up a hypothetical structure, which is currently observed as an encapsulation of social brain research. The hypothesis separates the conduct properties into two sections, outside or inner components. Inner attribution: When an inward attribution is made, the reason for the given conduct is inside the individual, I. e. the factors which make an individual dependable like mentality, bent, character and character. Outside attribution: When an outer attribution is made, the reason for the given conduct is alloted to the circumstance wherein the conduct was seen.The individual liable for the conduct may dole out the causality to the earth or climate. In 1967, Kelley attempted to clarify the manner in which individuals see inward and outside attribution. He attempted this, proposing the guideline of co-variety. This model was known as Covariation Model. The fundamental guideline of the covariation model expresses that the impact is ascribed to one of the causes which co-fluctuates after some time. It additionally implies that the conduct at different events changes. The covariation model thinks about three significant sorts of data to settle on an attribution choice and to watch an individual's behavior.The three kinds of data ar e: Consensus data: This reacts to the reality, how individuals with comparable boosts carry on in comparative circumstances. In the event that the vast majority carry on the same, I. e. their responses are shared by many, the accord is high. In any case, if nobody or just a couple of individuals share the responses, the agreement is low. Uniqueness data: This is about, how an individual reacts to various circumstances. There exists an extremely low peculiarity if the individual responds comparably in all or the majority of the situations.However, if an individual responds diversely in various circumstances, it is said that the uniqueness is high. Consistency data: If the reaction of an individual to various improvement and in fluctuated circumstances continues as before, at that point the consistency is high. Be that as it may, Kelly's covariation model has a few restrictions. The most unmistakable being that, it neglects to recognize the purposeful and inadvertent conduct. Peruse m ore at Buzzle:â http://www. buzzle. com/articles/attribution-hypothesis of-social-brain research. html Kelley's Covariation Model Kelley’s (1967) covariation model is the most popular attribution theory.He built up a legitimate model for deciding whether a specific activity ought to be ascribed to some trademark (inner) of the individual or the earth (outer). The term covariation just meansâ that an individual has data from numerous perceptions, at various occasions and circumstances, and can see the covariation of a watched impact and its causes. He contends that in attempting to find the reasons for conduct individuals act like researchers. All the more explicitly they consider three sorts of proof. Kelley accepted that there were three sorts of causal data which impacted our judgments.Low factors = dispositional (inward) attributions. * Consensus: the degree to which others act similarly in a comparative circumstance. E. g. Alison smokes a cigarette when she goes out for a supper with her companion. In the event that her companion smokes, her conduct is high in agreement. In the event that just Alison smokes it is low. * Distinctiveness: the degree to which the individual carries on similarly in comparative circumstances. In the event that Alison possibly smokes when she is out with companions, her conduct is high in peculiarity. In the event that she smokes whenever or place, uniqueness is low. Consistency: the degree to which the individual acts like this each time the circumstance happens. In the event that Alison possibly smokes when she is out with companions, consistency is high. On the off chance that she just smoke on one extraordinary event, consistency is low. Let’s take a gander at an exampleâ to help comprehend his specific attribution hypothesis. Our subject is called Tom. His conduct is giggling. Tom is chuckling at an entertainer. 1. Agreement: Everybody in the crowd is snickering. Agreement is high. On the off chance that so litary Tom is snickering agreement is low. 2. Uniqueness: Tom just chuckles at this entertainer. Uniqueness is high.If Tom snickers at everything peculiarity is low. 3. Consistency: Tom consistently chuckles at this humorist. Consistency is high. Tom once in a while snickers at this comic consistency is low. Presently, if everyone chuckles at this comic, on the off chance that they don’t snicker at the humorist who follows and in the event that this comic consistently raises a giggle, at that point we would make an outer attribution, I. e. we accept that Tom is giggling in light of the fact that the entertainer is amusing. Then again, if Tom is the main individual who chuckles at this comic, if Tom giggles at all entertainers and in the event that Tom consistently snickers at the humorist, at that point we would make an interior attribution, I. . we expect that Tom is chuckling on the grounds that he is the sort of individual who snickers a ton. So what we’ve arrived i s individuals crediting causality based on connection. In other words, we see that two things go together and we in this way expect one causes the other. One issue anyway is that we might not have enough data to make that sort of judgment. For instance, in the event that we don’t know Tom that well we wouldn’t essentially have the data to know whether his conduct is steady after some time. So what do we do then?According to Kelley we count on past understanding and search for either 1) Multiple vital causes. For instance, we see a competitor win a long distance race and we reason that she should be fit, profoundly energetic, have prepared hard and so on and that she should have these to win 2) Multiple adequate causes. For instance, we see a competitor bomb a medication test and we reason that she might be attempting to cheat, or have taken a restricted substance coincidentally or been fooled into taking it by her mentor. Any one explanation would be adequate.

SAT Passport to Advanced Math, Part 2

Click here for Part 1 of this series on SAT Passport to Advanced Math. Coordinate Geometry and Passport to Advanced Math Coordinate geometry, or more colloquially graphing, is another area which is filed under Passport to Advanced math, as long (and here’s the important part) the equation is a polynomial. Most of the times, this will mean a parabola. Sometimes, though, you’ll get a graph of some monstrous polynomial like . The goods news is you’ll probably only have to decipher the graph to figure out how many times it crosses through the x-axis or something else relatively straightforward. It’s really the parabola that is going to show up more often. What you need to know is that parabolas are symmetrical, meaning that each side occupies the same area on both sides of either y-axis or x-axis. The equation of a parabola can be defined as , where a, b, and c are constants (meaning they are some fixed number). Since a will often equal 1, it helps knowing good-old fashioned FOIL, as the following question shows. SAT Coordinate Geometry Practice Question 1 What is the sum of x-intercepts of the equation in the xy-plane? Explanation: Really all we are doing here is old-fashioned FOIL so that can find out the solutions for x. Those solutions are the same as an x-intercept, since when you plug either value for x back into the equation, f(x), or the y-coordinate, will equal 0. The sum equals 6. Sometimes, the test might ask you to find something that requires a little more knowledge of parabolas. One useful form is , where a, h, and k are constants and (h,k) is the vertex of the parabola. Since a polynomial usually isn’t in that form, you’ll often have to get it there by â€Å"completing the square† as we’ll see in the next problem. SAT Coordinate Geometry Practice Question 2 Which of the following is an equivalent form of the equation in the xy-plane, from which the coordinates of the vertex V can be identified as constants in the equation? A) B) C) D)    Explanation: It helps to know the following equation for a parabola: Getting the equation into the form above will help us determine the vertex. First, we need to complete the square, because does not lend itself to the format. Notice how the two ‘1’ cancel each other, thereby leaving us with the original equation. Why did we even put the ‘1s’ in the first place? Well becomes . This is called completing the square, which I did by dividing the quantity that has the ‘x’ in it (in this case 2x) by ‘2’ and squaring it. Whatever number results (in this case positive ‘1’), I take the negative value of it and stick it at the end of the equation (in this case the ‘-1’). So now I have: Therefore, h is equal to 1 and k is equal to -25. So the vertex (1, -25). This question did have us write the vertex out, but asked for the way we could best identify it. That’s the equation directly above. Recap of Passport to Advanced Math Passport to Advanced Math only includes 16 of the 58 questions spread out over the two math sections. However, if you’re already comfortable with the other math (which many are), you should spend more time in this area. The reason is, you are likely to get very flustered by this question type on test day and this can affect your performance on easier question types. To get a sense of all the different type of concepts that pop up in the Passport to Advanced Math section, check out the Official Study Guide. Take the practice tests to see the 16 questions per test. If you miss a question because of conceptual misunderstanding, you’ll want to go back to pages 263-276.

Marketing Management A Marketing Manager - 1372 Words

I want to become a marketing manager. A marketing manager is someone in a company who directs and is in charge of promoting and advertising the company s products. Marketing managers would have to create campaigns and be organized. Additionally, they plan out how the product will be communicated with the customers. They are in charge of making sure the campaigns stay on budget and are profitable. In order to become a marketing manager I need to get a bachelor’s degree and go to a four year college or university. I would be a good marketing manager because I love to travel, like to communicate with others, and I’m organized and neat; these skills will benefit me to succeed in this career because you need to find a creative way to attract†¦show more content†¦I interviewed Mr. Lethco because he worked in a small marketing company in San Francisco. He worked as SEO (Search Engine Optimization) in the company ZEEBLU. His job was to help companies get their content in the top three spaces when searching on Google. Also, he made sure the company had a good website, which required lots of writing and re-branding. Re-branding means the company and the website would need to be re-done and this includes a new logo, name, design, arrangement †¦ etc. He said, â€Å"Writing was the most useful skill for my job in marketing.† Mr. Lethco has a degree in economics and another degree in professional writing from UC Santa Barbara. He then studied branding and other business related classes at UC Berkeley. While working in the marketing company he overcame challenges such as working for months figuring out a way to creatively new brands of the street sweeping company. He had to make the sweeping company show up as number one when searched on Google. There were easier clients as well, which were simpler to rebrand and create better websites. Most of the client’s products or services target small groups of people, which required a unique pl an. Marketing requires solving problems, creativity, and being able to interact with people. Mr. Lethco states, â€Å"When a company hires a marketing firm, they are trusting you with everything. They need to know that you will do all that you can toShow MoreRelatedMarketing Management : Marketing Manager Essay957 Words   |  4 Pagesthe articles and after I made some research about marketing, I noticed that there are different roles. For example, one that caught my attention was marketing manager. The salary was not what caught my attention, because they do get paid very well. But what caught my attention was the name. When I read the the first article, I thought it would be simple. 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What Is Technology Assessment Essay Example For Students

What Is Technology Assessment? Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report aims to familiarize and to provide an understanding of Technology Assessment both in its past and present form. Its different viewpoints, approaches, tools and methods, which are all relevant to the engineering decision-maker and analyst alike, are discussed. The four different Technology Assessment paradigms as described by Eijnhoven (1997) along with the views of lecturers in this subject on the question What is Technology Assessment? , is also discussed and analysed. By understanding the roots of technological assessment and its impacts on everyday life, one can recognize and appreciate the importance of its presence in an ever-changing environment. The first part of this report aims to achieve this. The second part of this report describes the increased need for engineers to incorporate Technology Assessment into engineering decision making and its practice. Different engineering disciplines will see Technology Assessment in different perspectives. How they will approach a particular problem through the different environmental, social, technical, economic and political factors is part of the decision making process (Taylor, 2000). THE NEED FOR TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTBrief HistoryIn the post-war era, the necessity of taking into account social costs and benefits as well as private costs and benefits became apparent. At the time, problems relating to forecasting the future consequences of complex technologies became more and more obvious (Freeman 1995). Such an example if the issue of nuclear power. The limitations of a purely economics-based assessment of social and environmental problems had become clear. It was in these circumstances that techniques of Technology Assessment began to be used in an attempt to overcome the short-comings and limitations of cost-benefit analysis. Thus, Technology Assessment was adopted by U.S Congress and governments from around the world and was widely recognised through the need to make publicly available assessment of the potential risks, hazards, costs and benefits of developing new technologies. It also sparked the importance of parliamentary control of assessment procedures and the involvement of diverse disciplines. ReflectionsAn example of developing new technologies would be the resource presentation by Wahidul Biswas on Socio-Technical Design in Mechanical Engineering. In his presentation, Wahidul talks about the consequences of new technologies, that is, social and environmental aspects. New technologies (NTs) centers less on the numbers employed (a social aspect) and leads to incomplete combustion and biomass consumption in developing countries (an environmental aspect). Technology Assessment as described in Eijnhoven readings by the lecture from Bronwyn Holland as a metaphor that Technology Assessment illuminates the darkness/opacity of the technology society interface (Eijnhoven 1997). This is quite true. In a society where nothing is very open, Technology Assessment is necessary to bring technology and society to light, so to speak, in order to gain a better understanding. One important purpose of technology assessment, in general, will be continual improvement. By using evaluation results, one will better understand how a technological product or process is working and where it is headed. With this greater understanding, better decisions can be made that will improve/refine the life of the product or process in the long run. Examples would include:? radiation ? nuclear energy ? fuel emissions Negative effects of the above, in general, are becoming positive effects through the continual implementation of technology assessment. Another good example would be in the area of Health Technologies. The resource presentation by Hung Nguyen on Design issues in Electrical Engineering talks about the need to design a non-invasive hypoglycaemia monitor capable of monitoring hypoglycaemia conditions, without extracting blood or body fluid. Technology assessment is necessary in designing such a device for diabetic patients. Using new and improving technology, more advanced monitoring systems can be designed and implemented to better fulfil society. Engineers are currently working on such a device. As stated in his lecture, there is no hypoglycaemia monitor in the market at present. There are many different reasons to evaluate a particular technology. Many people think of an assessment as a nerve-wracking process meant to determine continued funding or recognition. Although making decisions on continued funding or recognition could be a purpose of technology assessment, there are many other reasons why one should assess technology. Some of these reasons are: ? To provide information to engineers and others on aspects of the technology that work well and the potential problems that arises. ? To catch potential problems early in the technology product so they can be corrected before more serious problems occur further down the track. ? To guide further assessment efforts. For instance, an assessment may bring to light; issues that need to be examined in greater detail or an initial evaluation of a technology product implementation may be used, in part, to guide a later assessment of long-term impact. ? To provide information on what technical assistance may be needed. ? To determine what impact the technology product is having on users in our society. So, to answer the question Why do we need technology assessment? in my view, has two major parts:1. To find out if the technological product is beginning to produce desired results that one aims for. For example:? Has the product improved over existing model/product Is it comparatively cost effective Does it have a place in society? If so, how useful is it Are all major factors considered? That is, environmental, social, technical, economical, cultural and political factors?2. To obtain information on implementing the product. UNDERSTANDING TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTWhat is Technology Assessment?There is no one straight answer or definition to this question. Technology assessment has taken on many forms and approaches and is viewed differently by each individual. It is however, can be agreed that technology assessment has established itself as a new form of interdisciplinary technology research where engineers from all disciplines and other parties come together to assess a particular technology. Two definitions, which I believe, are good approaches to understanding Technology Assessment are:? Technology assessment is a class of policy studies which systematically examine the effects on society that may occur when a technology is introduced, extended or modified. It emphasizes those consequences that are unintended, indirect or delayed (Coates 1980)? Technology assessment is an attempt to establish an early warning system to detect, control, and direct technological changes and developments so as to maximise th e public good while minimising the public risks (Cetron 1972)There are four main types of TA approaches, which can be distinguished (Ende et al 1997):1. Awareness TA: forecasting technological developments and their impacts to warn for unintended or undesirable consequences. 2. Strategic TA: supporting specific actors or groups of actors in formulating their policy or strategy with respect to a specific technological development. 3. Constructive TA: broadening the decision process about technological development, to shape the course of technological development in socially desirable directions. 4. Backcasting: developing scenarios of desirable futures and starting innovation processes based on these scenarios. Technology assessment analyses are studies which:? comprehensively and systematically analyse and evaluate the prerequisites for and the positive and negative impact of introducing and (widely) applying technologies;? identify areas of social conflict created by technology applications and? Point out and review optimal courses of action (options) for improving the technologies considered and their terms of application. The Starting points for technology assessment are either from a concrete project, a specific technology or a perceived problem. There are three Technology Assessment studies usually undertaken:1. Project-induced TA-studies: Investigation of technology applications that are prototypical. 2. Technology-induced TA-studies: Address the issue of using a technology and its consequences for industry, the environment and society within the framework of a broad range of known or potential applications. 3. Problem-induced TA-studies: These studies attempt to point out possible alternative (technical) solutions for foreseeable problems, such as in the areas of transport, energy supply, environmental issues etc.) and to analyse their impacts. The four paradigms as defined by EijnhovenJ.C.M Van Eijnhoven, a professor of technology assessment had devised through extensive research, the four paradigms of technology assessment: the classical paradigm; the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) paradigm; public technology assessment paradigm; and constructive technology (CTA) paradigm. Classical ParadigmThe classical paradigm emphasized early warning and the neutral character of the information to be provided. OTA ParadigmOTA assessments were not so directed at early warning, but at the development of policy makers. The careful balancing of participation of the U.S Congress, stakeholders and academics provided a mechanism leading to authoritative reports. Public TA ParadigmConcentrates on actively seeking participation of a wider public. The emphasis here is much less on the production of authoritative reports than on social processes that may help shape technology in society. In countries other than the United States, much more emphasis is placed upon a lack of interaction among experts, representatives and the public with respect to science and technology issues (Eijnhoven 1997). Public TA paradigm aims to bridge the gap between the public and private sectors while at the same time, expanding the relationship between people and technology. Sati System EssayTechnology Assessment (TA), I believe should be incorporated right across the engineering range of disciplines. It should be implemented at the beginning and finish of a project or product, to ensure the above-mentioned relevant factors are taken into consideration, and that the engineers decision, in the end, is the right one. Different TA tools and methods will be implemented by different engineering disciplines. TA studies should also be done to ensure the project viability and the risks as an outcome from products, structures, substances created by engineers is minimised or avoided. Engineering necessarily involves risks. Even if engineers did not innovate but rather designed things in the same way year after year, the chance of producing harm would exist. New hazards could be found in products, processes and chemicals once thought to be safe (Harris et al 1995). The element of risk is greatly increased because engineers are constantly involved in innovation. Examples:? Civil engineers and Builders constructing a bridge or building with new materials or with a new design ? Mechanical engineers designing new machines? Chemical engineers synthesizing new chemical compoundsThis is usually always done without the full knowledge of their long-term effects on humans or the environment. Thus, TA becomes crucial in reducing these effects. By implementing TA-studies, knowledge of the dangers associated with new technology can be avoided or minimised. Incorporating factors into the engineering decision making processAs mentioned in the overview, engineering disciplines have different social, technical, economic and political forces that shape their decision making process. This is quite true. Different engineering disciplines will have different views on a particular subject or project. Each engineer would have been taught to think differently and act/respond accordingly and so the engineering phrase there is more than one way to design something is quite true. ExamplesTypical examples of the different disciplines that incorporate the various factors into their decision making process is in the medical technologies and IT industry. While most assessments of medical technologies focus narrowly on their cost effectiveness, a more important question for technology assessment involves the decision making process that accompanies it. In addition one knows little information about the different roles played by different actors in the development and implementation of medical technology such as hospitals, as well as financial institutions (example, health care insurers). (Weijers 1995). Decision making on such medical technologies such as insulin fusion pumps used for the treatment of diabetics was quite interesting as it was a new technology whose optimal use pattern was (and remains) unknown. Here, different factors such as social, economical, technical, health factors and approaches are incorporated into the decision making process. Decision-making is often limited to the efficiency of the technology as such amongst other factors, and is based on the technologys state of the art at that moment. Rarely do decision-makers take into account the possibility that a technology might change, through research and development, or that new organisations or involved parties might change its application. Another example of decision making processes incorporating the various factors is in the Information Technology industry. Social, economical, technical and political factors are the important ones to consider when assessing, producing and implementing new technologies. Whereas IT has been a steadily growing element of society for the last 50 years, one is now faced with a situation where IT in many respects is setting the standard for communication between organisations. Traditional means are no longer a cost-effective alternative and will therefore be replaced. With individuals, IT is starting to become a part of everyday life. Examples include:? Electronic transfer of money instead of cash payments? Mobile phones ? Video conferencing? The InternetAll these are popular examples, which indicate changes in everyday life. Another example is in communication with authorities, where personal data is sometimes only available on computer. A growing concern whilst dealing with IT is IT-security. The three main areas are:? Continuity the availability of information to the organisation or individual? Integrity level of trust one can put on the information processed, transmitted or stored. ? Privacy who is allowed to see what informationEach engineering discipline will incorporate different factors in regards to their decision making process. For example, a Civil Engineer on a specific project, say, building a road, would need to consider all, if not most of the factors listed previously. Whilst an Environmental Engineer would probably concentrate on the environmental, cultural, and social factors associated with building a road. But both would collaborate with one another to achieve an optimal goal or end product. This leads to the issue of interdisciplinary research. Interdisciplinary ResearchAs mentioned earlier, Technology Assessment has established itself as a new form of interdisciplinary technology research where engineers from all disciplines and other parties come together to assess a particular technology. Technology and society is quite clearly approached from different directions by different disciplines not just engineers. These include economists, technologists, scientists etc. Different engineering disciplines with their different assumptions and methods are brought into contact with one another as evident with any project undertaken or development of new technology. Decisions are made, during the research stage of new technologies and of new equipment, which will later force all efforts to design the jobs in connection with them. This research phase should therefore attract other disciplines other than engineering such as social scientists. Indeed, there are similarities and differences existent in the way socio-technical information is sought in the various disciplines. The basic model drawn on the previous page is typical of the engineering decision making process that engineers use to plan, implement and design a particular project. This model can also be used in other disciplines. ConclusionFrom this report one can conclude by saying that Technology Assessment is vital in all aspects of society and not just in engineering alone. Through the different approaches, viewpoints, tools and methods of technology assessment we can gain a better understanding of the processes involved and to produce, refine and implement new and existing technologies to better fulfil our daily lives. Through the understanding of paradigms classical, OTA, public and Constructive (as described by Eijnhoven), we can try and relate it to real-life situations and engineering applications. The need for Technology Assessment to be incorporated at the design phase of a project is crucial and fundamental in the way Engineering design is undertaken by the various Engineering disciplines. The issue of Interdisciplinary research and collaboration is achieved through the use of Technology Assessment tools and techniques. Also, the different social, technical, economic and political factors are all factors which influence the way decision making processes are made through different engineering disciplines. Technology Assessment has taken on many forms during this era and is varied through each individual and/or organisation. It has an enormous impact on my future as a practising engineer. REFERENCESTaylor, Elizabeth. 2000 48270 Technology Assessment Study Guide Notes s2000 1, Freeman, Christopher, 1995. Preface to Managing Technology in Society. Managing Technology and Society, 1995, p. ix. Pinter PublishersEijnhoven, Josee Van 1997 Technology Assessment : Product or Process?Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol 54Biswas, Wahidul 2000 Socio-Technical Design in Mechanical EngineeringResource Presentation 2000Holland, BroTechnology Essays

Startling Facts About Casual Essay Topics Exposed

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